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The conditionals used in the if statement can be <term>Boolean variables</term>, <term>simple comparisons</term>, and <term>compound Boolean expressions</term>.
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</p>
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<p><idx>ternary operator</idx>
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Java also provides the ternary operator <c>condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse</c>, which lets you use a <c>boolean</c> test directly inside an assignment. If the condition is true, the first value is chosen; otherwise, the second value is used. <xrefref="ternary-operator-table"text="type-global"/> summarizes how it works.
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</p>
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<tablexml:id="ternary-operator-table">
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<title>Ternary Operator in Java</title>
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<tabular>
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<row>
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<cell><term>Component</term></cell>
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<cell><term>Description</term></cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>condition</c></cell>
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<cell>The <c>boolean</c> expression that is evaluated (e.g., <c>a % 2 == 0</c>).</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>?</c></cell>
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<cell> This is the ternary operator that separates the condition from the <c>trueValue</c>.</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>trueValue</c></cell>
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<cell>The value assigned if the condition is true (e.g., <c>a * a</c>).</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>:</c></cell>
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<cell> This is the ternary operator that separates the <c>trueValue</c> from the <c>falseValue</c>.</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>falseValue</c></cell>
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<cell>The value assigned if the condition is false (e.g., <c>3 * x - 1</c>).</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell>Example Usage</cell>
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<cell><c>a = a % 2 == 0 ? a * a : 3 * x - 1</c></cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell>Equivalent if-else Code</cell>
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<cell>Can also be written with a regular <c>if-else</c> statement, but the ternary form is more concise.</cell>
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</row>
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</tabular>
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</table>
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<p>
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Using this operator can make code shorter and more readable in cases where a simple conditional assignment is needed. <xrefref="java-ternary"text="type-global"/> shows an example where we see the same logic implemented in two different ways.
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</p>
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<listingxml:id="java-ternary">
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<programinteractive="activecode" language ="java">
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<code>
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public class Ternary {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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int a = 4;
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int x = 2;
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int outp;
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// ternary:
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outp = (a % 2 == 0) ? (a * a) : (3 * x - 1);
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System.out.println("ternary result: " + outp);
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// Equivalent using if/else
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if (a % 2 == 0) {
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outp = a * a;
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} else {
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outp = 3 * x - 1;
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}
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System.out.println("if/else result: " + outp);
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}
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}
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</code>
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</program>
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</listing>
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<p>
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In <xrefref="java-ternary"text="type-global"/>, we are using this ternary operator to assign a value to <c>a</c> based on whether <c>a</c> is even or odd. If <c>a</c> is even, it will be squared; if odd, it will be instead be calculated as <c>3 * x - 1</c>. This is a concise way to write conditional assignments in Java. However, you might want to use it sparingly, as it can make code less readable if overused or used with complex expressions.
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</p>
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</section>
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<sectionxml:id="exception-handling">
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<title>Exception Handling</title>
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<p>
@@ -411,92 +495,6 @@ The <c>switch</c> statement is not used very often, and we recommend you do not
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Note that as with other structures in Java, <c>try-catch</c> blocks blocks must be encased with braces <c>{}</c>. The most important part of this code is, after <c>catch</c>, there is a set of parenthesis with an exception type and a variable name <c>catch (InputMismatchException e)</c>. This is where we declare a <c>InputMismatchException</c> exception and name it with the variable name <c>e</c>. It is common practice, though not a requirement, to name exception variables <c>e</c> in this manner.
The conditionals used in the if statement can be <term>Boolean variables</term>, <term>simple comparisons</term>, and <term>compound Boolean expressions</term>.
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</p>
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<p><idx>ternary operator</idx>
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Java also provides the ternary operator <c>condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse</c>, which lets you use a <c>boolean</c> test directly inside an assignment. If the condition is true, the first value is chosen; otherwise, the second value is used. <xrefref="ternary-operator-table"text="type-global"/> summarizes how it works.
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</p>
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<tablexml:id="ternary-operator-table">
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<title>Ternary Operator in Java</title>
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<tabular>
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<row>
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<cell><term>Component</term></cell>
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<cell><term>Description</term></cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>condition</c></cell>
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<cell>The <c>boolean</c> expression that is evaluated (e.g., <c>a % 2 == 0</c>).</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>?</c></cell>
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<cell> This is the ternary operator that separates the condition from the <c>trueValue</c>.</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>trueValue</c></cell>
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<cell>The value assigned if the condition is true (e.g., <c>a * a</c>).</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>:</c></cell>
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<cell> This is the ternary operator that separates the <c>trueValue</c> from the <c>falseValue</c>.</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell><c>falseValue</c></cell>
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<cell>The value assigned if the condition is false (e.g., <c>3 * x - 1</c>).</cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell>Example Usage</cell>
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<cell><c>a = a % 2 == 0 ? a * a : 3 * x - 1</c></cell>
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</row>
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<row>
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<cell>Equivalent if-else Code</cell>
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<cell>Can also be written with a regular <c>if-else</c> statement, but the ternary form is more concise.</cell>
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</row>
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</tabular>
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</table>
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<p>
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Using this operator can make code shorter and more readable in cases where a simple conditional assignment is needed. <xrefref="java-ternary"text="type-global"/> shows an example where we see the same logic implemented in two different ways.
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</p>
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<listingxml:id="java-ternary">
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<programinteractive="activecode" language ="java">
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<code>
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public class Ternary {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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int a = 4;
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int x = 2;
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int outp;
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// ternary:
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outp = (a % 2 == 0) ? (a * a) : (3 * x - 1);
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System.out.println("ternary result: " + outp);
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// Equivalent using if/else
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if (a % 2 == 0) {
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outp = a * a;
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} else {
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outp = 3 * x - 1;
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}
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System.out.println("if/else result: " + outp);
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}
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}
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</code>
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</program>
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</listing>
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<p>
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In <xrefref="java-ternary"text="type-global"/>, we are using this ternary operator to assign a value to <c>a</c> based on whether <c>a</c> is even or odd. If <c>a</c> is even, it will be squared; if odd, it will be instead be calculated as <c>3 * x - 1</c>. This is a concise way to write conditional assignments in Java. However, you might want to use it sparingly, as it can make code less readable if overused or used with complex expressions.
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