diff --git a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0d5f90ad45cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/BaseHandlerTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\TestLogger;
+use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
+use Config\Logger as LoggerConfig;
+use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+#[Group('Others')]
+final class BaseHandlerTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    private string $sessionName     = 'ci_session';
+    private string $sessionSavePath = '/tmp';
+    private string $userIpAddress   = '127.0.0.1';
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, bool|int|string|null> $options
+     */
+    private function createHandler(array $options = []): ArrayHandler
+    {
+        $defaults = [
+            'driver'            => ArrayHandler::class,
+            'cookieName'        => $this->sessionName,
+            'expiration'        => 7200,
+            'savePath'          => $this->sessionSavePath,
+            'matchIP'           => false,
+            'timeToUpdate'      => 300,
+            'regenerateDestroy' => false,
+        ];
+        $sessionConfig = new SessionConfig();
+        $config        = array_merge($defaults, $options);
+
+        foreach ($config as $key => $value) {
+            $sessionConfig->{$key} = $value;
+        }
+
+        $handler = new ArrayHandler($sessionConfig, $this->userIpAddress);
+        $handler->setLogger(new TestLogger(new LoggerConfig()));
+
+        return $handler;
+    }
+
+    // ========== Constructor ==========
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsCookieName(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler(['cookieName' => 'my_cookie']);
+
+        $this->assertSame('my_cookie', $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'cookieName'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsMatchIP(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler(['matchIP' => true]);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'matchIP'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsMatchIPDefaultFalse(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $this->assertFalse($this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'matchIP'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsSavePath(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler(['savePath' => '/custom/path']);
+
+        $this->assertSame('/custom/path', $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'savePath'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsIpAddress(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $this->assertSame('127.0.0.1', $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'ipAddress'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsCookieDomainFromConfig(): void
+    {
+        $config  = new CookieConfig();
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $this->assertSame($config->domain, $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'cookieDomain'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsCookiePathFromConfig(): void
+    {
+        $config  = new CookieConfig();
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $this->assertSame($config->path, $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'cookiePath'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsCookieSecureFromConfig(): void
+    {
+        $config  = new CookieConfig();
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $this->assertSame($config->secure, $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'cookieSecure'));
+    }
+
+    public function testConstructorSetsCookiePrefixEmpty(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $this->assertSame('', $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'cookiePrefix'));
+    }
+
+    // ========== lockSession ==========
+
+    public function testLockSessionSetsLockTrue(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock', false);
+
+        $lockSession = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'lockSession');
+        $result      = $lockSession('test-session-id');
+
+        $this->assertTrue($result);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock'));
+    }
+
+    public function testLockSessionCalledMultipleTimes(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $lockSession = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'lockSession');
+
+        $this->assertTrue($lockSession('id-1'));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock'));
+        $this->assertTrue($lockSession('id-2'));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock'));
+    }
+
+    // ========== releaseLock ==========
+
+    public function testReleaseLockSetsLockFalse(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock', true);
+
+        $releaseLock = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'releaseLock');
+        $result      = $releaseLock();
+
+        $this->assertTrue($result);
+        $this->assertFalse($this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock'));
+    }
+
+    public function testReleaseLockWhenAlreadyUnlocked(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+        $this->setPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock', false);
+
+        $releaseLock = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'releaseLock');
+        $result      = $releaseLock();
+
+        $this->assertTrue($result);
+        $this->assertFalse($this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'lock'));
+    }
+
+    // ========== fail ==========
+
+    public function testFailReturnsFalse(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+        $fail    = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'fail');
+
+        $this->assertFalse($fail());
+    }
+
+    public function testFailSetsIniSavePath(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler(['savePath' => '/test/path']);
+        $fail    = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'fail');
+
+        $fail();
+
+        $this->assertSame('/test/path', ini_get('session.save_path'));
+    }
+
+    // ========== destroyCookie ==========
+
+    public function testDestroyCookieReturnsBool(): void
+    {
+        $handler       = $this->createHandler(['cookieName' => 'test_cookie']);
+        $destroyCookie = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'destroyCookie');
+
+        $this->assertIsBool($destroyCookie());
+    }
+
+    public function testDestroyCookieUsesConfiguredName(): void
+    {
+        $handler       = $this->createHandler(['cookieName' => 'custom_session_name']);
+        $destroyCookie = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'destroyCookie');
+
+        $destroyCookie();
+
+        $this->assertHeaderEmitted('Set-Cookie: custom_session_name=');
+    }
+
+    public function testDestroyCookieSetsEmptyCookie(): void
+    {
+        $handler       = $this->createHandler(['cookieName' => 'empty_test']);
+        $destroyCookie = $this->getPrivateMethodInvoker($handler, 'destroyCookie');
+
+        $destroyCookie();
+
+        $this->assertHeaderEmitted('Set-Cookie: empty_test=');
+    }
+
+    // ========== Logger (LoggerAwareTrait) ==========
+
+    public function testLoggerIsAccessible(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->createHandler();
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(TestLogger::class, $this->getPrivateProperty($handler, 'logger'));
+    }
+}